Armin Kessler received a degree in Physics and Chemistry from Pretoria University in South Africa, a degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Cape Town, South Africa, a Juris Doctorate from Seton Hall University, New Jersey, and Dr. h.c. in Business Administration from the University of Pretoria.Armin served as Chief Operating Officer of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd in Basel Switzerland from 1990 to 1995. Prior to being appointed COO, he held several senior positions at Roche, including head of the pharmaceutical and diagnostic divisions. Earlier positions in his career include Director of Pharmaceutical Marketing Worldwide for Sandoz (now Novartis), and President of Sandoz KK in Tokyo.From 1992 to 1995, Armin was President of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA).He currently serves on the board of The Medicines Company and Gen-Probe, and has served on the boards of F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Syntex and Genentech.